328# 当我们说功用指向"人"时，这里的"人"并非仅指个人，而是包含了更广泛的含义：它包括人的集会、大小群体，包括共和国、王国和帝国等各种形式的政治实体，乃至整个世界这个最大的群体，因为这些集体都可以被视为"人"的形式。这种理解方式与天堂的构造相对应：在主面前，整个天使天堂在主面前如同一个人，天堂中的每个群体也呈现为一个人，因此每位天使是一个人。关于这一观点的详细论述，可以参考《天堂与地狱》第68至102节。这样的理解将有助于我们把握后文中"人"这一概念的完整含义。
328、与功用有关的人，不仅指个人，还指群体，以及大大小小的群体，如一个州，一个王国、或帝国，或最大的群体，即整个世界，因为这些群体中的每一个都是一个人。天堂的情况也一样，整个天使天堂在主眼里如同一个人，每一个天堂社群同样是一个人。正因如此，每位天使都是一个人。事实的确如此，这一点可见于《天堂与地狱》一书(68-103节)。这清楚表明下文中的人类是什么意思。
328. By this "human" to whom useful functions relate, I mean not only an individual but also groups of people and smaller and larger communities such as republics and monarchies and empires and even that largest community that comprises the whole world, since all of these are human. So too in the heavens the whole angelic heaven is like a single individual in the Lord's sight, and so is each individual community of heaven. This is why each individual angel is human. On this subject, see Heaven and Hell 68-103 [68-102]. This shows what is meant by "human" in the following pages.
328. By mankind to whom forms of use have relation we mean not only individuals, but also groups of people and smaller and larger associations of them, such as republics, kingdoms, and empires, as well as the greatest one, which is the entire world; for each of these is a human entity. The case is similar to that in heaven. The entire angelic heaven is in the Lord's sight as though a single person, and likewise every society of heaven. So it is that every angel is a person. (That such is the case may be seen in the book Heaven and Hell, nos. 68-102.)
It is apparent from this what we mean by mankind in the following considerations.
328. By man to whom uses have relation is understood not only an individual, but also an assembly of men, also a society, smaller or larger, as a state, kingdom, or empire, or the largest society which is the world, for each of these is a man. Similarly in heaven the whole angelic heaven is as one man before the Lord, and equally each society of heaven. Thus it is that every angel is a man. That this is so may be seen in the work HEAVEN AND HELL (68-103). From these considerations it is clear what is understood by man in what follows.
328. By man, to whom uses have relation, is meant not alone an individual but an assembly of men, also a society smaller or larger, as a commonwealth, kingdom, or empire, or that largest society, the whole world, for each of these is a man. Likewise in the heavens, the whole angelic heaven is as one man before the Lord, and equally every society of heaven; from this it is that every angel is a man. That this is so may be seen in the work Heaven and Hell (n. 68-103). This makes clear what is meant by man in what follows.
328. Per hominem, ad quem usus se referunt, intelligitur non solum homo, sed etiam Caetus hominum, ac Societas minor et major, ut Respublica, Regnum et Imperium, ut et Societas maxima quae est Universus Orbis, nam hic et illa sunt Homo: similiter ut in Coelis[;] est universum Coelum angelicum coram Domino ut unus Homo, pariter unaquaevis Societas Coeli[;] inde est, quod unusquisque Angelus sit homo; quod ita sit, videatur in Opere de COELO ET INFERNO 68-102. Ex his patet, quid per hominem in sequentibus intelligitur.