第十二节 十诫总括爱上帝与爱邻之道
329# 十诫包含一切属于爱上帝之事，亦包含一切属于爱邻之事。在十诫的八条诫命中，即第一、第二、第五、第六、第七、第八、第九、第十条，并未明言任何直接属于爱上帝或爱邻之事；因为其中没有说人当爱上帝，也没有说上帝之名当被尊为圣，又没有说人当爱邻舍，亦即没有说当以诚实与正直待邻舍；只是说：“在我面前不可有别的上帝；不可妄称上帝的名；不可杀人；不可奸淫；不可偷盗；不可作假见证；不可贪恋邻舍所有的。”因此，概括而言，所命令的乃是：不可意欲、思虑并实行敌乎上帝、敌乎邻舍的恶。
然而，诫命之所以不直接命令人行仁爱与仁义之事，而只是命人不可行与爱和仁义相反之事，其原因在于：人逃避诸恶为罪几分，便愿意那些属于仁爱与仁义的善几分。爱上帝与爱邻的第一要义，是不行恶；其次，才是行善；此义将在“论仁义”一章中说明。
【2】有两种爱彼此相反：一种是愿意并实行善的爱，另一种是愿意并实行恶的爱。后一种爱乃地狱之爱，前一种爱乃天堂之爱；因为整个地狱皆在实行恶的爱中，整个天堂皆在实行善的爱中。今人既生于各类恶中，因而自出生起便倾向于属于地狱之事；且除非重新出生，亦即得以重生，便不能进入天堂。
因此，属地狱的恶必须先被除去，然后人才能愿意属天堂的善；因为人在与魔鬼分离以前，不能被主收纳。至于恶如何被除去，人又如何被带向行善，将在两章中说明：一章论“悔改”，另一章论“改造与重生”。
人所行的善在上帝面前成为善以前，必须先除去恶；主在以赛亚书中如此教导：“你们要洗濯、自洁，从我眼前除掉你们的恶行；要止住作恶，学习行善；……你们的罪虽像朱红，必变成雪白；虽红如丹颜，必白如羊毛。”（赛1:16-18）
与此相似的，是耶利米书中的话：“你当站在雅威殿的门口，在那里宣传这话。……万军之雅威——以色列的上帝如此说：你们改正行动作为。……你们不要倚靠虚谎的话，说：‘这是雅威的殿，是雅威的殿，是雅威的殿！’（即教会在此。）……你们偷盗、杀害、奸淫、起假誓，……然后来到这称为我名下的殿，在我面前站立，说：‘我们可以自由了’，而你们仍行这一切可憎的事吗？这称为我名下的殿，在你们眼中岂可看为贼窝吗？……我都看见了。这是雅威说的。”（耶7:2-4，9-11）
【4】在洗濯或从诸恶中洁净以前，向上帝的祈祷不蒙垂听，这也由以赛亚书教导。雅威说：“嗐！犯罪的国民，担着罪孽的百姓，……他们转去远离我。……所以你们举手祷告，我必遮眼不看；就是你们多多地祈祷，我也不听。”（赛1:4，15）
凡行十诫之命，亦即逃避诸恶者，仁爱与仁义随之而来；这从主在约翰福音中的话可以确知。耶稣说：“有了我的命令又遵守的，这人就是爱我的；爱我的必蒙我父爱他，我也要爱他，并且要向他显现。……我们要到他那里去，与他同住。”（约14:21，23）
这里所谓“命令”，尤指十诫之命；其义乃诸恶不可行，亦不可贪恋。于是，人的爱上帝与上帝对人的爱随之而来，正如恶被除去之后，善乃继之而生。
329# 十诫中有八条诫命，即第一、二、五、六、七、八、九、十条，都没有提到对神之爱和对邻之爱。它们没有说要爱神、尊祂的名为圣，要爱邻，因而要诚实正直地对待他。它们只是说：“在我面前不可有别的神；不可妄称神的名；不可杀人；不可通奸；不可偷盗；不可作假见证；不可贪恋邻舍的东西。”因此，一般来说，绝不可意愿、思想和实行要么反对神，要么反对邻舍的邪恶。经上之所以没有吩咐诸如与爱和仁直接相关的那类事，只是禁止诸如反对它们的那类事，是因为人越避恶如罪，就越意愿爱与仁之良善。在关于仁爱那一章（TCR 435-438节）中，你会看到，对神之爱和对邻之爱的第一步是不作恶，第二步才是行善。
有两种对立的爱，即：对意愿并实行良善的爱，和对意愿并实行邪恶的爱；这后者是地狱的，前者是天堂的，因为所有地狱都处于对作恶的爱，而所有天堂都处于对行善的爱。既然人生在各种邪恶中，因此从出生起就倾向于属地狱的东西，既然他不能进入天堂，除非他再次出生，或重生，那么在他能意愿属于天堂的良善之前，属于地狱的邪恶必须被除去，是有必要的。因为没有人能被主收养，除非他与魔鬼分离。不过，悔改（TCR 509-570节），以及改造和重生（TCR 571-625节）这两章将说明，邪恶如何被除去，人如何被引导行善。
主在以赛亚书中教导说，在人所行的良善成为神眼里的良善之前，邪恶必须被除去：
你们要洗濯、自洁，从我眼前除掉你们的恶行；要止住作恶，学习行善，你们的罪虽像朱红，必变白如雪；虽红如丹颜，必如羊毛。（以赛亚书1:16-18）
以下耶利米书中的经文与此类似：
你当站在耶和华的房门口，在那里宣传这话：万军之耶和华，以色列的神如此说：改善你们的行径和作为；你们不要倚靠虚谎的话，说，这是耶和华的殿，耶和华的殿，耶和华的殿（即教会）。你们偷盗、杀害、通奸、起假誓，然后来到这称为我名下的房中，站在我面前，说，我们得救了，你们好去行那些可憎的事吗？这房子岂可成为贼窝？看哪，我都看见了，这是耶和华说的。（耶利米书7:2-4，9-11）
以赛亚书也教导说，在从邪恶中洗净或洁净之前，向神祷告不蒙垂听：
耶和华说，祸哉，犯罪的民族，担着罪孽的百姓，他们往后退步。你们伸手，我必掩目不看你们；就是你们多多地祈祷，我也不听。（以赛亚书1:4，15）
当一个人通过避开邪恶而遵守十诫时，爱和仁就会随之而来，这一点从主在约翰福音中的话明显看出来：
耶稣说，有了我的诫命又遵守的，这人就是爱我的；爱我的必蒙我父爱他；我也要爱他，并且要向他显现；我们要在他那里作我们的住所。（约翰福音14:21，23）
此处“诫命”尤指十诫，这些诫命规定，不可作恶，也不可贪恋它们，然后人对神的爱和神对人的爱就会随之而来，就像当邪恶被移除时，良善就会随之而来一样。
329. The Ten Commandments Contain Everything
about How to Love God and How to Love Our Neighbor
Eight of the commandments - the first, second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth - say nothing about loving God or loving our neighbor. They do not say that we must love God or we must keep God's name holy. They do not say that we must love our neighbor, or deal honestly and uprightly with our neighbor. They say only, "There is to be no other God before my face; you are not to take God's name in vain; you are not to kill; you are not to commit adultery; you are not to steal; you are not to testify falsely; and you are not to covet what your neighbor has. " Briefly put, we are not to intend, think, or do evil against God or against our neighbor.
We are not commanded to do things that directly relate to goodwill; instead, we are commanded not to do things that are the opposite of goodwill. This is because the more we abstain from evils because they are sins, the more we want the goodness that relates to goodwill.
In loving God and our neighbor, the first step is not doing evil, and the second step is doing good, as you will see in the chapter on goodwill [435-438].
[2] There is a love of intending and doing good, and there is a love of intending and doing evil. These two loves are opposite to each other. The second is a hellish love and the first is a heavenly one. The entirety of hell loves doing evil and the entirety of heaven loves doing good.
We, the human race, have been born into evils of every kind. From birth onward we have tendencies toward things that come from hell. Unless we are born again or regenerated, we cannot come into heaven. Therefore the evil attributes we have from hell have to be removed first before we are able to want good attributes that come from heaven. None of us can be adopted by the Lord before we have been separated from the Devil. How our evil actions are removed and how we are brought to do good things will be shown in two chapters below: the chapter on repentance [509-570]; and the chapter on reformation and regeneration [571-625].
[3] The Lord teaches in Isaiah that our evil actions have to be moved aside first before the good things we are doing become good before God:
Wash yourselves; purify yourselves. Remove the evil of your actions from before my eyes. Learn to do what is good. Then, if your sins had been like scarlet, they will become as white as snow; if they had been red as crimson, they will be like wool. (Isaiah 1:16-18)
The following passage in Jeremiah is similar:
Stand in the entrance to Jehovah's house and proclaim there this word. "Thus spoke Jehovah Sabaoth, the God of Israel: 'Make your ways and your works good. Do not put your trust in the words of a lie, saying, "The temple of Jehovah, the temple of Jehovah, the temple of Jehovah is here [that is, the church]. " When you steal, kill, commit adultery, and swear falsely, then do you come and stand before me in this house that carries my name? Do you say, "We were carried away," when you are committing all these abominations? Has this house become a den of thieves? Behold I, even I, have seen it,' says Jehovah. " (Jeremiah 7:2-4, 9-11)
[4] We are also taught by Isaiah that before we are washed or purified from evil, our prayers to God are not heard:
Jehovah says, "Woe to a sinful nation, to a people heavy with wickedness. They have moved themselves backward. Therefore when you spread out your hands, I hide my eyes from you. Even if you increase your praying, I do not hear it. " (Isaiah 1:4, 15)
When someone puts the Ten Commandments into action by abstaining from evil, goodwill is the result. This is clear from the Lord's own words in John:
Jesus said, "The people who love me are those who have my commandments and follow them. Those who love me will be loved by my Father, and I will love them and manifest myself to them, and we will make a home with them. " (John 14:21, 23)
The "commandments" mentioned here are specifically the Ten Commandments, which prescribe that we should not do, or crave to do, what is evil. If we do not do evil or crave to do evil, we love God and God loves us. This is the benefit we receive after something evil has been removed.
329. The Ten Commandments contain everything to do with love for God and everything to do with love towards the neighbour.
Eight of the Ten Commandments, the first, second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth contain no mention of love for God and love towards the neighbour. They do not tell us that God is to be loved, nor that God's name is to be kept holy, nor that the neighbour is to be loved, nor that he should be treated honestly and uprightly; they merely say 'There is not to be any other God before my face; you are not to take the name of God in vain; you are not to commit murder; you are not to commit adultery; you are not to steal; you are not to bear false witness; you are not to covet what is your neighbour's.' In general, they prescribe that evil is not to be willed, thought or done, either against God or against the neighbour. The reason why we are not commanded to do what is directly the work of love and charity, but only to avoid doing their opposites, is that in so far as a person shuns evils as sins, so far does he will the good actions of love and charity. It will be seen in the chapter on charity [Chapter 7] that the first point of love for God and love towards the neighbour is not to do evil, and their second point is to do good.
[2] There are two contradictory loves, the love of willing and doing good, and the love of willing and doing evil. The latter love is the love of hell, the former the love of heaven. The whole of hell possesses the love of doing evil, the whole of heaven possesses the love of doing good. Now since human beings are by birth prone to evils of every kind, and from birth on they tend towards the pursuits of hell, being unable to enter heaven unless they are born again, that is, regenerated, the evils which belong to hell must first be removed, before a person can will the good deeds which belong to heaven. For no one can be adopted by the Lord, until he has parted with the devil. The manner in which evils are removed and a person is brought to do good will be demonstrated in two chapters, those on Repentance [Chapter 9] and Reformation and Regeneration [Chapter 10].
[3] The Lord teaches in Isaiah that evils must first be removed before the good deeds performed by a person become good in the sight of God:
Wash yourselves, purify yourselves, remove the wickedness of your works from before my eyes; [cease to do evil;] learn to do good. Then if your sins were as scarlet, they will become white as snow; if they were red like purple, they will be like wool, Isaiah 1:16-18.
There is another passage like this in Jeremiah:
Stand in the gate of Jehovah's house, and there proclaim this word.
Thus spoke Jehovah Zebaoth, the God of Israel: make your ways good, and your works also. Put not your trust in lying words, saying, This is Jehovah's temple, this is Jehovah's temple, this is Jehovah's temple (that is, His church). Will you, after stealing, murdering and committing adultery and swearing falsely, then come and stand in my presence in this house, upon which my name is written, and say, We were carried away, when you do all these abominations? Has this house become a robbers' cave? Behold, even I have seen it, this is the word of Jehovah, Jeremiah 7:2-4, 9-11.
[4] We are also taught in Isaiah that before washing or purification from evils, prayers addressed to God are not heard:
Jehovah says, Woe to the nation that sins, the people weighed down with iniquity. They have banished themselves back again; from which place when you spread out your hands, I hide my eyes from you. Even though you pray time and again, I do not hear, Isaiah 1:4, 15.
The person who keeps the Ten Commandments and shuns evils is attended by love and charity; this is proved by the Lord's words in John:
Jesus said, He who has my commandments and does them, he it is who loves me; and he who loves me will be loved by my Father, and I shall love him and show myself to him; and we shall make our dwelling with him, John 14:21, 23.
Commandments there mean especially the Ten Commandments, which state that evil actions are not to be done nor longed for, and that thus a person's love for God, and God's love for him, follow, just as good does when evil has been removed.
329. THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF THE DECALOGUE CONTAIN ALL THINGS THAT BELONG TO LOVE TO GOD, AND ALL THINGS THAT BELONG TO LOVE TOWARD THE NEIGHBOR.
In eight of the commandments of the decalogue, the first, second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth, there is nothing said of love to God and love toward the neighbor; since it is not said that God should be loved, that His name should be hallowed, that the neighbor should be loved and consequently that he should be dealt with sincerely and uprightly. It is only said, "Thou shalt have no other God before Me;" "Thou shalt not take the name of God in vain;" "Thou shalt not kill;" "Thou shall not commit adultery;" "Thou shalt not steal;" "Thou shalt not bear false witness;" "Thou shalt not covet what belongs to thy neighbor;" that is in general, that evil, either against God or the neighbor, is not to be cherished in will or thought, nor to be done. The reason why such things as relate directly to love and charity are not commanded, but only such things as are opposed to them are forbidden, is that so far as man shuns evils as sins, so far does he will the goods that pertain to love and charity. That the prime thing of love to God and the neighbor is not to do evil, and the second to do good, will be seen in the chapter on Charity.
[2] There are two opposite loves, the love of desiring and doing good, and the love of desiring and doing evil; this latter is infernal and the other is heavenly; for all hell is in the love of doing evil, and all heaven in the love of doing good. Since then, man is born into all kinds of evil, and therefore from birth inclines to what pertains to hell, and since he cannot enter heaven unless he is born again or regenerated, it is necessary that evils, which belong to hell, should be removed before he can desire goods, which are heavenly. For no one can be adopted by the Lord until he is separated from the devil. But how evils are removed and man is brought to do good, will be shown in the two chapters, on Repentance, and on Reformation and Regeneration.
[3] That evils must be put away, before the good that a man does becomes good in the sight of God, the Lord teaches in Isaiah:
Wash you, make you clean; put away the evil of your doings from before mine eyes; [cease to do evil], learn to do well, then though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they be red like crimson, they shall be as wool (Isaiah.1:16-18).
The following, in Jeremiah, is similar:
Stand in the gate of Jehovah's house, and proclaim there this Word, Thus said Jehovah of Hosts, the God of Israel, Amend your ways and your doings; trust ye not in lying words, saying, The temple of Jehovah, the temple of Jehovah, the temple of Jehovah, is this [that is, the church]. Will ye steal, murder, and commit adultery, and swear through falsehood, and then come and stand before Me in this house, which is called by My name, and say, We are delivered, when ye are doing all these abominations? Is this house become a den of robbers? Behold, even I have seen it, saith Jehovah (7:2-4, 9-11).
[4] That before washing or purification from evils prayer to God is not heard is also taught in Isaiah:
Jehovah saith, Ah sinful nation, a people laden with iniquity, they have gone away backward. When ye spread forth your hands, I will hide mine eyes from you; yea, when ye make many prayers, I will not hear (1:4, 15).
That love and charity follow when by shunning evils what is commanded in the Decalogue is done is evident from the Lord's words in John:
Jesus said, He that hath My commandments and keepeth them, he it is that loveth Me and he that loveth Me shall be loved of My Father; and I will love him, and will manifest Myself to him: and We will make our abode with him (14:21, 23).
By commandments here the commandments of the Decalogue are particularly meant, which are that evils must not be done or lusted after, and that the love of man to God and the love of God toward man then follow as good follows when evil is removed.
329. THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF THE DECALOGUE CONTAIN EVERYTHING RELATING TO LOVE TO GOD, AND EVERYTHING RELATING TO LOVE TOWARDS THE NEIGHBOR.
In eight commandments of the Decalogue, the first, the second, the fifth, the sixth, the seventh, the eighth, the ninth and the tenth, nothing is said of love to God and love towards the neighbor. It is not said that God is to be loved, or that the name of God is to be hallowed, or that the neighbor is to be loved, and thus that he should be dealt with sincerely and uprightly, but only, "Thou shalt have no other god before me; thou shalt not take the name of God in vain; thou shalt not kill; thou shalt not commit adultery; thou shalt not steal; thou shalt not bear false witness; thou shalt not covet what is thy neighbor's." Thus it is said in general that evil must not be willed, thought, and done against God, nor against the neighbor. Such things as relate directly to love and charity have not been commanded, but only such things as are opposed to them have been forbidden, because in so far as a man shuns evils as sins, he desires the good of love and charity. That the first principle of love to God and of love towards the neighbor is to shun evil, and the second is to do good, will be seen in the chapter on Charity.
[2] There are two opposite loves, the love of willing and doing good, and the love of willing and doing evil; the latter is infernal, and the former heavenly, for all hell is in the love of doing evil, and all heaven is in the love of doing good. Now since a man is born into evils of every kind, and consequently from his birth inclines to such things as belong to hell and as he cannot enter heaven unless he is born again, that is, regenerated, it is necessary that evils, which are of hell, must be removed before he can will the good which is of heaven; for no one can be adopted by the Lord until he is separated from the devil. How evils are removed, and man is led to good, will be shown in the two chapters on Repentance and Reformation.
[3] That evils must first be removed, before the good which a man does becomes good in the sight of God, is thus taught by the Lord in Isaiah:
"Wash you, make you clean; put away the evil of your doings from before mine eyes... learn to do well... Though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they be red like crimson, they shall be as wool. 1:16-18.
Similar to this is the following passage in Jeremiah:
"Stand in the gate of JEHOVAH'S house, and proclaim there this word... Thus saith JEHOVAH ZEBAOTH, the God of Israel, Amend your ways and your doings... Trust ye not in lying words, saying, The temple of JEHOVAH, The temple of JEHOVAH, The temple of JEHOVAH (that is, the Church) is here (A.V., are these). Will ye steal, murder, and commit adultery, and swear falsely... And come and stand before me in this house, which is called by my name, and say, We are delivered, while ye do (A.V., to do) all these abominations? Is this house... become a den of robbers? Behold, even I have seen it, saith JEHOVAH" 7:2-4, 9-11.
[4] That prayer to God is not heard before there is washing or purification from evils, is also taught is Isaiah:
Jehovah saith, "Ah sinful nation, a people laden with iniquity... they are gone away backward... When ye spread forth your hands, I will hide mine eyes from you; yea, when ye make many prayers, I will not hear" 1:4, 15.
That love and charity follow when a man keeps the commandments of the Decalogue, by shunning evils, is evident from these words of the Lord in John:
Jesus said, "He that hath my commandments, and keepeth them, he it is that loveth me: and he that loveth me shall be loved of my Father, and I will love him, and will manifest myself to him... and we will make our abode with him" 14:21, 23.
By commandments are here meant especially the commandments of the Decalogue, which are that evils must neither be done nor lusted after; for then follow the love of man to God and the love of God towards man, just as good follows when evil is removed.
329. Quod Decem Praecepta Decalogi contineant omnia quae amoris in Deum, et omnia quae amoris erga 1 proximum sunt.
In octo praeceptis Decalogi, in Primo, Secundo, Quinto, Sexto, Septimo, Octavo, Nono et Decimo, non dicitur aliquid quod est amoris in Deum, et amoris erga proximum, non enim dicitur quod Deus amandus sit, nec quod Nomen Dei sanctificandum, neque quod proximus amandus sit, ita non quod sincere et recte cum illo agendum sit, sed modo quod non erit Deus alius coram faciebus meis, non sumes nomen Dei in vanum, non occides, non moechaberis, non furaberis, non false testaberis, non concupisces illa quae proximi sunt; ita in genere quod malum non volendum, cogitandum, et faciendum, contra Deum, nec contra proximum. Sed causa, quod non talia quae directe amoris et charitatis sunt, mandata sint, sed modo talia quae illis opposita sunt quod non facienda sint, est quia quantum homo fugit mala ut peccata, tantum vult bona quae amoris et charitatis sunt. Quod Primum amoris in Deum et amoris erga proximum sit non facere malum, et quod secundum illorum sit facere bonum, videbitur in capite de CHARITATE.
[2] Sunt duo Amoris sibi oppositi, amor volendi et faciendi bonum, et amor volendi et faciendi malum; hic amor infernalis est, et ille amor coelestis est; totum enim Infernum in amore faciendi malum est, et totum Coelum in amore faciendi bonum est: nunc quia homo natus est in mala omnis generis, proinde a nativitate inclinat ad illa quae Inferni sunt, et quia nisi denuo nascitur, hoc est, regeneratur non possit venire in Coelum, necessum est, ut primum removeantur mala quae Inferni sunt, antequam potest velle bona quae Coeli sunt; non enim quis potest adoptari a Domino, antequam separatur a Diabolo: quomodo autem removentur mala, et homo fertur ad faciendum bona, in binis Capitibus, uno de POENITENTIA, et altero de REFORMATIONE ET REGENERATIONE, demonstrabitur.
[3] Quod primum amovenda sint mala, antequam bona, quae homo facit, fiunt bona coram Deo, docet Dominus apud Esajam, "Lavate vos, purificate vos, removete malitiam operum vestrorum a coram oculis meis; discite bonum facere; tunc si fuerint peccata vestra sicut coccinea, sicut nix albescent; si rubra fuerint sicut purpura, sicut lana erunt," Cap. 1:16-18. Huic simile est hoc apud Jeremiam, Sta in porta Domus Jehovae, et proclama ibi verbum hoc, sic dixit Jehovah Zebaoth, Deus Israelis, bonas reddite vias vestras, et opera vestra, ne confidite vobis super verbis mendacii, dicendo, Templum Jehovae, Templum Jehovae, Templum Jehovae hic (hoc est, Ecclesia), num furando, occidendo et moechando, et jurando per mendacium, deinde venietis et stabitis coram Me in Domo hac, super qua nominatur Nomen meum, et dicetis, erepti sumus, dum facitis omnes abominationes has; num spelunca latronum facta est Domus haec, etiam Ego ecce vidi, dictum Jehovae, Cap. 7:2-4, 9-11.
[4] Quod ante lavationem seu purificationem a malis, preces ad Deum non audiantur, etiam docetur apud Esajam, Dicit Jehovah vae genti peccatrici, populo gravi iniquitate, abalienaverunt se retrorsum; unde quando expanditis manus vestras, occulto oculos meos vobis, imo si multiplicaveritis orationem, Ego non audio, Cap. 1:4, 15. Quod [illi] 2 qui facit praecepta Decalogi, fugiendo mala, amor et charitas sequantur, constat ex his Domini verbis apud Johannem, Jesus dixit, qui habet praecepta mea et facit illa, ille est qui amat Me, qui vero amat Me, amabitur a Patre meo, et Ego amabo illum, et manifestabo illi Meipsum, et mansionem apud illum faciemus, Cap. 14:21, 23: 3 per Praecepta ibi intelliguntur in specie praecepta Decalogi, quae sunt quod mala non facienda nec concupiscenda sint, et quod sic amor hominis in Deum, et amor Dei erga hominem, sequantur, sicut bonum postquam remotum est malum.
Footnotes: